Read the blockchain in 50 minutes, fertile soil and forbidden area of new technology | Nuggets Lecture Hall

Source: Overseas Nuggets
◎ Author Li Peicai
Copyright statement: This article was first published in overseas Nuggets (ID: GOLD 1849), and it is an original work. When other WeChat official account reprints this article, the author’s name and source should be put in front of the text, and the QR code at the end of the article should be reproduced at the same time, otherwise it will be regarded as infringement.
First of all, let me introduce myself to you briefly. My name is Li Peicai, and I am the co-founder of Shanghai Digyi. I graduated from Fudan University with a bachelor’s degree, then studied for a master’s degree in Chinese Academy of Sciences. After graduation, I worked as a civil servant for exit inspection and quarantine for six years. After October 2013, I first got to know and contacted digital currency. At that time, together with my college classmates and our only partner, I started with four mining machines. After almost five or six years, at present, Digyi Company has more than 30,000 self-sustaining bitcoin mining machines, more than 60,000 Wright mining machines and 150,000 entrusted mining machines.
I think part of the reason why we can achieve this result is that we have made some correct judgments and investments, but on the other hand, it is mainly due to the fact that the market scale of the whole digital currency or the whole blockchain has increased many times, which is more important than our efforts.
What is a blockchain?
Many people know the blockchain, in fact, it originated from Bitcoin. In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published a famous paper: Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. In the paper, he introduced the blockchain for the first time. Simply put, blockchain is a technology used to realize point-to-point value transmission, and it is a distributed ledger technology.
Literally, it is also very vivid. Blockchain is actually a chain of many blocks. What is a block? Block is a very important concept in the whole digital currency system.
In fact, you can understand it as a page of the ledger. As we all know, a single transaction is an integral unit of the account book foundation, and many transactions together form a block. In the Bitcoin or digital currency system, all the blocks will eventually form a chain. And these chains are interrelated, and the block head of the next block is calculated from the block tail of the previous block.
What benefits will this bring? The entire blockchain chain cannot be tampered with. Once a transaction is added to a block, and then another block is linked, the transaction cannot be tampered with. If anything in the transaction is changed, the end of the second block calculated by this transaction will not match. It is no longer consistent with the previous block, and at this time, the entire blockchain is no longer effective.
If you want to change the previous transaction, you have to change all the subsequent transactions. Once there are five or six blocks, it will become very difficult to change. In fact, he used a technology to ensure the whole block, and he could only move forward in one direction. Once confirmed, he could not be tampered with, realizing such a feature.
Since I’m not actually a technology major, I don’t want to explain the blockchain to you too much technically. I’d rather tell you what kind of power I have seen in the seemingly simple blockchain technology, which has driven the digital currency market based on blockchain to grow to trillions in ten years.
In fact, blockchain is not a single technology, it is a combination of many technologies, including distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. But this is not the most important aspect. It is far from enough for you to understand the blockchain technically. It also has strong sociological and economic attributes.
If you want to fully understand the blockchain, you must master a lot of knowledge of sociology, economics and game theory, so that you can truly understand the blockchain technology.
For example, if you want to understand what money is, I dare not say that I know enough now, but at least I don’t think I will think that money is not money as before. What is there to understand about money? I won’t think so again.
Why is the concept of blockchain very difficult to understand?
If you want to fully understand the blockchain and the connotation and potential of digital currency derived from it, you need to deeply understand the five, ten or more related concepts behind it, and you need to make logical reasoning based on these concepts.
Suppose there are five related concepts to understand, and the probability of understanding and agreeing with each concept immediately is 25%, then the probability of really understanding them immediately is very, very low, less than one thousandth. At the beginning, it is impossible for most people to understand and agree with the concept of blockchain from the statistical probability.
This has also caused a phenomenon. Many people have very different views on the blockchain. Some people see digital currency as a scam, a pyramid scheme or a bubble, and it is worthless. There is also another part that sees digital currency as the opposite. He is a value network, an irreversible development, a major innovation in the whole human organizational structure and a major change in the currency issuance mechanism.
Which is right, I prefer my second one.
The value of blockchain
The blockchain value I saw, I understand mainly from the following four levels.
First, the blockchain allows value to truly circulate freely at low cost; The second is that digital currency created based on blockchain technology is the wealth that truly belongs to individuals; The third is that this computer-based algorithm and programming currency system can create more and richer trading scenarios, and it is a truly programmable currency; The fourth is that it will make a social organization form such as self-organization structure more valuable and more vital.
Let’s talk about the first point first, why do you say that blockchain really allows value to flow freely at low cost? You can see that the screenshot in the ppt above is a very common bitcoin transaction. At this stage, a transaction has two inputs and eight outputs, which means that you can transfer the value of this transaction to hundreds of people at the same time, and the handling fee is only as low as one ten thousandth of bitcoin, and it is not restricted by any country, region or institution. Therefore, I said that the blockchain has evolved the Internet from the information Internet to the value Internet.
Why do you say that? We all know that the emergence of the Internet has made the transmission of information between any two individuals in the world unimpeded. No matter where you are, as long as you have access to the Internet, you can receive information at near zero cost. Or you can send information to anyone in the world who has access to the internet, and there is almost no cost.
However, there was no way to transmit the value so efficiently before the appearance of blockchain digital currency, but the appearance of blockchain made it possible.
The second meaning is that it creates real personal wealth. Why is it really personal wealth? Because it has three characteristics, the first characteristic is that its scarcity is based on algorithm and consensus; The second characteristic is that its security and privacy are based on the public and private key system. Digital currency For an individual, you have absolute control and absolute freedom.
Then why is its scarcity based on algorithms and consensus? Take Bitcoin as an example. It has so many degrees. It is a mathematical algorithm and is written in its program. No one can tamper with it.
In other words, if you want to change, you have to make half the people in the whole network agree with this change, but it is very difficult, because if you change its total amount, it is equivalent to diluting all the chains, then I believe this thing is very, very difficult to achieve.
Its privacy is based on the public and private key system, which provides it with very good privacy. You can create your own public key, that is, bitcoin address, while completely exposing your identity information. By keeping the public key anonymous, the public can only see that someone sent a certain amount of money to others, but there is no way to link the transaction to the people behind it.
This one shows how you can get your own address. It’s a very simple two-step process. The first step is to download a bitcoin wallet from a public website. The second step is to get your wallet and generate your own private key.
You can even do it when the network is disconnected, and you can receive your own private key without surfing the Internet. This private key absolutely keeps your privacy for others, and you can generate it without surfing the Internet at all.
In other words, no one can know your private key except yourself if you don’t want to reveal it. Therefore, it has caused privacy. Blockchain, a technology, uses this characteristic of public and private keys to create wealth that truly belongs to individuals.
You have absolute control over wealth. There is no centralized organization. All complete nodes keep all historical accounts. There is no review of the income and expenditure of Bitcoin. No one or organization can stop sending and receiving, freezing and confiscating Bitcoin.
As long as you use this bitcoin private key, you have absolute control over the bitcoin in the public key. It can be said that others can’t get your assets through fraud or coercion.
The third source of blockchain value is the currency created by computer technology, so it is naturally closely integrated with programming, which is what we usually call the concept of smart contract.
Intelligent contract refers to a contract that can be automatically executed on a computer system when certain conditions are met. Bitcoin network and Ethereum network provide an open interface for intelligent contract programming, which can realize decentralized, tamper-proof and reliable chain contracts.
Such a system enables both parties to sign a contract to complete the transaction without trusting each other, as long as they believe in the blockchain system. For example, the mining reward of Bitcoin is a simple and effective smart contract.
If you want to dig bitcoin, you don’t need to ask anyone’s permission, you just have to follow the instructions of the system. Then, as long as you can mine according to the bitcoin system and calculate such a value, you can get the reward of bitcoin. You don’t need to submit this award to any organization for review. You can trust the system. You don’t have to trust anyone.
The fourth value of the blockchain I see comes from its self-organizing structure. Everyone has heard a saying that artificial intelligence and AI can help improve productivity, and blockchain may change loose relationships. In fact, I think it is more because it makes the social organization form such as self-organization structure more vital.
Then, the so-called self-organization structure is the third economic governance force outside the market and the government, and the blockchain can better play the governance efficiency of self-organization in economic activities.
For example, the community of Bitcoin is the greatest experiment of self-organized distributed commerce. All its property rights are open source, all its organizations are non-profit, with no shareholders, no board of directors, no management, and nothing. It is a "eight-nothing" company, but it has been running for nearly ten years, and transactions and remittances are happening every second, but it has never had bad debts.
Moreover, the blockchain can return the value brought by the self-organizing structure to the participants to the greatest extent. For example, the better the bitcoin payment network becomes, all bitcoin holders enjoy the value brought by the growth of bitcoin network. But in the past, many network values were taken away by the company that invented and controlled it.
For example, WeChat, we know that WeChat is a very valuable network, but each of us, as a participant in WeChat network, actually didn’t get much value, and the value of the whole network was taken away by Tencent.
How should individual investors participate?
Next, let’s discuss the next topic, how individual investors should participate. I will talk about it in two levels. The first is why individual investors must also understand and participate in the blockchain. The second is if I want to participate, what kind of participation is better.
Why should individual investors participate? Because whether you participate or not, you are in the tide.
At present, we are experiencing a great shift in the form of wealth presentation. If you don’t participate, you are equivalent to shorting in Man Cang, and you are equivalent to standing on the other side of the trend. Why do you say that? On the one hand, I think that the progress of artificial intelligence and intelligent manufacturing will make the prices of your daily necessities and even some industrial products lower and lower.
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Reporting/feedback

Japan is now suffering from large-scale food poisoning: 521 people feel unwell after eating lunch boxes.

  Overseas network October 7 thAccording to a report by Aomori TV on October 6, Japan, the Hachi City Health Center in Aomori Prefecture confirmed on the same day that the incident had caused food poisoning in 521 people in many places in Japan.

  Japanese media said that on September 23, after the collective food poisoning was caused by the "Yoshida House" bento shop, Hachi City Health Center asked "Yoshida House" to stop all business activities. As of October 6th, the survey results showed that 21 kinds of bentos produced by this store had caused food poisoning to 521 people in more than 25 prefectures and counties.

  This is not the first large-scale food poisoning incident in Japan recently. Also on October 6th, the government of Ishikawa Prefecture of Japan confirmed that in August, the "Great Waterfall Sightseeing Flowing Water" restaurant in Tsunami-CHO, Ishikawa Prefecture caused food poisoning among 892 people from 18 prefectures in Japan, among whom the youngest had just turned one year old and the oldest was over 80 years old. The Ishikawa prefectural government said that Campylobacter was detected in the spring water used to make food in this restaurant. (Overseas network Zhang Ni)

The first trial of changing Changan Yidong XT 1.6L: In addition to minor plastic surgery, I also changed the "core"

Writing and photography: Feng Xifan @ New Car Review


At the press conference of the redesigned Yidong/Yidong XT, we heard the "spoiler" of the Changan model plan. Upgrading the original model is the "main theme" of Changan in the second half of this year.
The change is the first blow, and then we will see CS15 dual clutch and CS75.
1.5T, Yuexiang V7
1.0T and modified CS35. In other words, don’t expect to see a brand-new model this year. But don’t be disappointed. The new models will be launched next year. Here’s a spoiler again. Next year, there are plans to have CS95, Ruiyi CC, CS55 and an MPV model. The information inside is so large that it responds to everyone’s doubts about Changan’s lack of stamina to some extent.

Let’s get to the point. Let’s go back to Yi Yi XT.
Although the manufacturer stressed at the press conference that the new configuration will be slightly improved compared with the old one for the same price model. However, as can be seen from the price list, the entry model of the old model was cancelled, and the purchase threshold of Yidong rose from 74,900 to 80,900, while that of Yidong XT rose from 77,900 to 82,900.
The whole system comes standard with ESP system. It’s still the old saying I often say, to talk about cost performance without absolute price is to be a hooligan. The entry fee that has been "laid off" is estimated to be gradually replenished in the future. After all, the Yidong model should also leave some spare capacity for the next few years.

In addition to the deduction of the entry model, the 1.5T model has also been cancelled. After all, its sales share is too small. The 1.5T engine is not unemployed, but will be matched to CS75 as mentioned above.
. In the size class of CS75, 1.5T can turn customers around, which is expected to become the main sales force.
As for the automatic transmission model, the manufacturer said that 6AT would be used instead of 4AT. Considering that it often takes a long time for independent brands to match automatic gears, wait patiently. In fact, the original 4AT escape has a very good ride comfort, and the matching level is similar to those of Toyota’s previous 4AT models.

The usual trick of the car factory to change the money is to bottle the old wine in new bottles, and the three big pieces still sound like waves, and then carry out cosmetic surgery on the grille and other places. Yidong/Yidong XT has also made some changes to its appearance, but the range is too small to see through at a glance, such as changing the door handle and the rear spoiler, so I won’t elaborate here. There is a way to quickly identify the 2016 model on the road, that is, adding LED daytime running lights.
The upgrade of the invisible level is the focus of this change, which we will talk about slowly below.

The interior of Yidong/Yidong XT has been redesigned to keep up with this era. The configuration has also been improved, especially the screen of the center console. Our manual gear is equipped with Kay LiDE navigation, and it can also be connected to Baidu Carlife through mobile phones to expand its functions. In the past, the Incall function of the operator to set navigation for him was also reserved.

The biggest change of Yidong/Yidong XT is to join the direct injection 1.6L engine. Why do you say "join" instead of "switch"? Because the two engines are old and new, the manual transmission entry model still uses the original indirect injection, and the automatic transmission also uses indirect injection, which is estimated to be due to the lack of relevant matching.
The output book data of the new engine increased slightly, the maximum power changed from 92kW/6000rpm to 94kW/5700-6200rpm, and the maximum torque changed from 160Nm/4000-5000rpm to 168Nm/4000-5000rpm. The main function of direct injection technology is to reduce fuel consumption. The manufacturer claims that direct injection of 1.6L will save fuel by 8%. We see the actual effect. When driving in Qingdao, which is extremely congested, the obvious fuel consumption of the vehicle is 7.8L/100km. At first glance, the fuel consumption control of the new engine in autonomous vehicles is excellent.

I drove to the top of Yidong XT manual gear this time, using the latest 1.6L direct injection engine, and the performance of the sedan version is estimated to be close. Different from the old model, the new engine has no low torque and fatigue as before before. The more advanced driving area is more suitable for our daily driving, especially Qingdao, which is extremely congested that day and needs to stop and go frequently. Yidong XT not only doesn’t have to worry about daily fatigue, but the light pleasure of walking is actually a bit like Japanese 1.6L
A-class cars have a stronger sense of acceleration and calmness than self-priming versions of autonomous cars such as Arrizo 5 and Emgrand EC7. In fact, the acceleration of the old Yidong manual gear has been done very briskly, and the new one just inherits this advantage.

However, it may be due to the direct injection mechanism. Usually, you can hear the noise from the power system when you lightly step on the accelerator. Looking back on the old model, unless the big foot hits the accelerator, it is basically silent when stepping on the accelerator. When driving a new model, I sometimes want to deliberately control the throttle action when shifting gears, because I am afraid that passengers will hear the engine sound and mistakenly think that my manual transmission technology is not home. It is actually quite common that the noise of the power system increases after direct injection, and Honda Fit has a similar situation. In addition, in the process of gear shifting, it takes a little thought to think about the oil-separation fit, and occasionally the joint is not delicate, which will bring a subtle impact.
Although the impact is not very disturbing, I just don’t want passengers to think that I am not careful in control.

For manual transmission models, we must talk about the "novice affinity index". It can only be said that the XT clutch is easier to control, but it is not a fool. Recently, some autonomous manual gears have been tested, and the engine refueling program has become smart. Let the clutch engage.
Know how to raise the speed by a large margin. It’s a bit like a coach car whose idle speed is raised in a driving school. It can move forward easily just by lifting the clutch, and novices can easily mistake their skills for rapid progress, such as Jianghuai Ruifeng S3 and Magic Speed S6. After being used to the above-mentioned stupid car, I feel that it takes a little effort to drive the XT. Let’s talk about "feet" and "hands". The suction feeling of the manual gear is good, but the positions of the second gear and the fourth gear are very close, and the separation position is not clear. Sometimes I want to get into the second gear but get into the fourth gear.

Originally, I thought I would finish the engine test, but I felt that the vibration filtering was much better than before. Netizens often question our view that Yuexiang V7 has better driving quality than Laoyidong. The reason is actually very simple. The development time of Yuexiang V7 is later than that of Laoyidong, and the car-making level of Changan has made remarkable progress in the middle, so the driving quality of "low-end cars" is better than that of "high-end cars". However, Changan re-optimized the chassis by changing the model, which made the driving quality of the new car surpass its own Yuexiang V7. In addition to the "toughness" feeling of the suspension, another obvious improvement is NVH, which is excellent in road noise isolation, unlike some cars at the same price, so that you can always feel the wheels beating frequently by your ears. In addition, when crossing the ditch, you can’t hear the noise of the car body, and your ears are particularly clean. On the whole, Yidong XT should be one of the benchmarks of driving quality at this price, and NVH optimization is the hero behind the scenes.

Summary: the recommendation degree needs to be considered when the loan is changed to "increase the price"

Although Laoyidong is still the pillar of Chang ‘an’s sales, it is mainly sold by inertia in the later period. That is, word of mouth has been accumulated in the early stage, and even if the product strength is no longer dominant in the later stage, everyone still recognizes to buy it. For example, Chang ‘an’s own later Yuexiang V7 and Chery’s recent Arrizo 5, although the model level is lower than that of Laoyidong, the comprehensive product strength is on the contrary. The escape after the change reversed this situation, and the interior was outdated before washing. The new direct injection 1.6L is a rare type of autonomous engine that can give consideration to both acceleration and fuel consumption. After the chassis has been readjusted and NVH details have been optimized, the driving quality is superior in its class.

From the actual performance, the escape after the change is better than a series of autonomous cars such as Emgrand EC7 and Arrizo 5. However, after the change, the purchase threshold of Yidong has been raised, and the entry price has exceeded 80,000. On the other hand, the official entry price of Emgrand EC7 is more than 10,000 lower than that of Yidong. It can be said that Yidong belongs to the choice of quality, and it costs more, but the inner texture is really worth it. According to the driving experience, escape
I could have given "recommended+". Just considering the high price and the appearance that has not changed much, especially the sedan version has begun to make people feel aesthetic fatigue. To sum up, we finally give Yidong/Yidong XT a "recommendable" evaluation.


[Chang ‘an changed the model and moved it by XT 1.6L manually]

Outstanding advantages: the new engine gives consideration to acceleration and fuel consumption; Good driving quality; Excellent NVH control;

Main short board:The noise of the new engine becomes more; The entry price is higher; There is little change in appearance.


"New car evaluation network recommended level"